Industrial catalytic thermal cracking of hydrocarbon. Petroleum refining petroleum refining naphtha reforming. Depending on the end product, the oils can go directly into fuel blending, or they can be routed through further cracking reactions or other. Cracking is the process whereby complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules. Catalytic reforming wikimili, the free encyclopedia. Products from catalytic reforming include highoctane gasoline useful as. Cracking breaks long chains into short ones there are several types of cracking. Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products. A significant byproduct of this reaction is hydrogen gas, which is then either used for hydrocracking or sold. History of petroleum refining process petroleum refinery. What is the importance of cracking in the petroleum industry.
Catalytic hydrocracking is relatively a recent addition to the petroleum industry. Difference between catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming. The demand for these products outstrips that obtained during refining of the petroleum. It also produces high proportions of branched alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. Dear student, welcome to this online course on petroleum refining. Cracking hydrocracking naphtha reforming isomerization sat gas plant polymerization alkylation naphtha hydrotreating. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby. The zeolites used in catalytic cracking are chosen to give high percentages of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 10 carbon atoms particularly useful for petrol gasoline.
This lecture explains about cracking of petroleum and its types such as thermal, catalytic and steam cracking and then it discusses about reforming and how can we increase octane number in. Cracking takes large hydrocarbons and breaks them into smaller ones. The initial process, thermal reforming, was developed in the late 1920s. Catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming are two processes used in the conversion of crude oil into useful products. Catalytic cracking an overview sciencedirect topics. Cracking and reforming of petroleum how to increase.
Catalytic reforming is one of the basic petroleum refining processes for upgrading light hydrocarbon feedstocks 24. So, in petroleum industry, the cracking of less useful high boiling fractions is done to increase the yield of low boiling lower molecular mass fractions, such as gasoline. Reforming is a process used to convert molecules having low octane ratings into hight octane liquid products. Petroleum cracking, reforming of hydrocarbon chemical.
At the end of each section, you will find downloadable pdf files with everything you need to know about refining process schemes, layouts, crude oil characteristics and properties, petroleum. Cracking can be catalytic or non catalytic process. Many of the petrochemical products which support our lifestyles are made from hydrocarbons such as petroleum and natural gas. The most important products obtained in straightrun refining are petrol, diesel and kerosene. Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel. Us2423674a process of catalytic cracking of petroleum. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes. Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery. Thermal cracking gives mixtures of products containing high proportions of. Cracking is conducted at high temperatures, by two processes.
The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. The cracking products, such as ethene, propene, buta1,3diene and c 4 alkenes, are used to make many important chemicals. Naphtha cracking petroleum industry hydrocracking petrochemical industry steam cracking 8. An overview of refinery products and processes fsc 432. Catalytic reforming yields, advantages, and disadvantages. The last difference between hydrocracking and catalytic cracking is the products which they produce.
The engineers guide to plant layout and piping design for the oil and gas industries, 2018. Catalytic reforming an overview sciencedirect topics. Chemical processing how oil refining works howstuffworks. This course is designed to provide you with a complete understanding of the crude oil refining industry and breaks down for you all the major refining processes into easily digestible concepts using extensive graphics, process layouts and various manufacturing schemes. Used in the oil and gas industry to refer to a variety of methods whereby a larger product is broken down into smaller byproducts. Us2423674a us542005a us54200544a us2423674a us 2423674 a us2423674 a us 2423674a us 542005 a us542005 a us 542005a us 54200544 a us54200544 a us 54200544a us 2423674 a us2423674 a us 2423674a authority us united states prior art keywords oil process petroleum cracking hole prior art date 19420824 legal status the legal status is an assumption and is not a legal. Characteristics of petroleum products 10 reforming. The drill bit smashes thru the rock formations, compact. Petroleum cracking, reforming of hydrocarbon chemical pedia. Catalytic cracking is widely used in the petroleum refining industry to convert heavy oils into. Others such as branched and cyclic alkanes are added to the gasoline fraction obtained from the distillation of crude oil to enhance the octane rating. All but the hydrocracking reaction releases hydrogen which can be used in the. For example, crude oil can be processed cracked to. Main difference catalytic cracking vs catalytic reforming.
Thermal reforming employed temperatures of 510565 c 9501,050 f at moderate pressuresabout 40 bars 4 mpa, or 600 psito obtain gasolines petrols with. Cracking and reforming of petroleum definition cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogene or long chain hydrocarbon are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carboncarbon bonds in the precursors. Reforming petroleum definition, examples, diagrams. Cracking is breaking up of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones. Us78307a apparatus for cracking and refining petroleum. Most of these products of distillation are further converted into more useable products by changing their physical and molecular structures through cracking, reforming and other. The overall welltoconsumer supply chain for petroleum products is often.
Petroleum refineries produce liquefied petroleum gases lpg, motor gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, asphalt bitumen, and other products through distillation of crude oil or through redistillation, cracking, or reforming of unfinished petroleum derivatives. The refining of crude oil requires separation, distillation, reforming, cracking and related processes to resolve the mixture of components into products. The main scope of the course is to create strong basis and fundamentals regarding the processes in the petroleum refining. Cracking hydrocracking naphtha reforming isomerization sat gas plant polymerization alkylation naphtha hydro. The products of catalytic cracking can be described using the acronym piano, to represent the paraffins, isoparaffins, aromatics, naphthenes, and olefins produced in catalytic cracking. Ethylene and propylene, the raw materials of plastics, are produced by cracking hydrocarbons at high temperatures.
The process converts lowoctane linear hydrocarbons paraffins into branched. Thermal cracking also known as steam cracking, is used for manufacture of ethylene. What are the differences between reforming and cracking in. The major unification process is called catalytic reforming and uses a catalyst platinum, platinumrhenium mix to combine low weight naphtha into aromatics, which are used in making chemicals and in blending gasoline. Petroleum refining begins with the distillation, or fractionation, of crude oils into separate hydrocarbon groups. The most widespread process for rearranging hydrocarbon molecules is naphtha reforming.
Catalytic reforming and those processes involving petroleum refining catalysts that treat heavier hydrocarbon streams contain higher concentrations of sulfur and metals are more likely found, such as catalytic cracking or hydrocracking. The products from steam cracking include a mixture of c1 c4 hydrocarbons and are. Petroleum refineries are largescale industrial complexes that produce saleable petroleum products from crude oil and sometimes other feedstocks like biomass. Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery, naphthas, typically having low octane ratings, into highoctane liquid products called reformates are components of highoctane gasoline also known as highoctane petrol. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or longchain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carboncarbon bonds in the precursors. The typical reactions in catalytic reforming are dehydrocyclization, isomerization, and dehydrogenation. Comparing the feedstocks, objectives and products of. Products from catalytic reforming include highoctane gasoline useful as automobile fuel, aromatics, and hydrogen. Reforming is another process in which hydrocarbon molecules are. Topc produces many types of petroleum products for customers both in turkmenistan and abroad. Product recycle and multiple reaction sections will be the prevalent. Petroleum refinery activities start with receipt of. In reforming processes, naphtha refined or unrefined that may have been. Company turkmen petroleum, registered in dubai, uae, is a trading arm of turkmenbashy oil processing complex topc which consists of turkmenbashy and seydi refineries turkmenistan.
Catalytic reforming is a necessary chemical process used in the petroleum refining industry which takes in straight run naphtha or partially treated light straight run naphtha, depending on the process, as a feedstock and converts it into high octane reformate and gasoline products. Cracking of petroleum yields light oils corresponding to gasoline, middlerange oils used in diesel fuel, residual heavy oils, a solid carbonaceous product known as coke, and such gases as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, and butylene. Isomerization and reforming processes are applied to rearrange the structure of petroleum. The cracked products are quenched with gas oil and flashed. Crude oil contains sulfur and metals such as vanadium and nickel, that act as poisons for many processes. Hydrocracking is a catalytic hydrogenation process in which high molecular weight feedstocks are converted and hydrogenated to lower molecular weight products. Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil typically having low octane ratings into highoctane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for highoctane gasoline.
The other products of reforming are light gases and a highoctane gasoline blending. Catalytic cracking processes have evolved over the years, and are an exemplary display of che. Hydrocarbons in the naphtha stream have roughly the same number of carbon atoms as those in gasoline, but their structure is generally more complex. Catalytic cracking is the breakdown of large hydrocarbon compounds into small hydrocarbon molecules with the use of moderate temperatures and pressures in the presence of catalysts. Reforming rearranges naphtha hydrocarbons into gasoline molecules. The main reasons for its development are the increasing demand for light and middle distillates, the large quantities of hydrogen as a byproduct from catalytic reforming, and the limits imposed on sulfur and aromatics content in motor fuel. Cracking of petroleum yields light oils corresponding to gasoline, middlerange oils used in diesel fuel, residual heavy oils, a solid carbonaceous product known. The details of refinery operations differ from location to location, but virtually all refineries share two basic processes for separating crude oil into the various product components. This has become reality in petroleum refineries in order to bridge the gap of some petroleum products or fractions production. The resultant products are directly related to the characteristics of the crude oil being processed. Reforming is a process designed to increase the volume of gasoline that can be produced from a barrel of crude oil.
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